The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between Chinese and Korean athletes in their leadership pattern, achievement motivation, motor flow, and instructing, effectiveness. This research will provide the understanding of cultural differences and leadership style. Participants were 1000 athletes, males (n=500) and females (n=500), who participated soccer, basketball, and volleyball in Korea and China. Five instruments were used in the study the Transformational Leadership Scale (Bass, 1985, Wright, 1996), the Transactional Leadership Scale (Bass, 1985), Achievement Motivation (Willis, 1982), Motor Flow (Meyer & Allen, 1984), Instructing, Effectiveness (Duda & Nicholls, 1989), and the Demographics. First, we used the ANOVA to examine the differences perceived leadership style among Korean and Chinese athletes. Second, we used regression to examine the influence of achievement motivation, flow, and instructing, effectiveness to transformational and transactional leadership. Third, we used the correlation to examine relationship with transformational, leadership, transactional leadership, accomplishing motive, commitment behavior and instructing effectiveness. This study is expected follow. First, we found the preferenced, leadership style, achievement motivation, motor flow, instructing effectiveness among Korean and Chinese athletes. Second, we provide data for Korean sports leaders to understand Chinese athletes. Third, we analyzed transformational and transactional leadership, achievement motivation, motor-flow and instructing effectiveness. In Conclusion, transformational and transactional leadership which was perceived by Korean and Chinese athletes were different according to their cultural traits, also transformational and transactional leadership generally influenced on achievement motivation, motor flow, instructing effectiveness. Finally, there was connections between transformational and transactional leadership and related mediaction variables, and dependent variables.

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between archers` self-management and self-confidence according to the gender, belonging team and to verify the effects of self-management on their confidence. Subjects were selected among, the archers, who had participated in the 25th Presidential Men`s and Women`s National Archery Championship Tournament from high schools, universities and amateur archery teams. The questionnaires for sport man`s self management and confidence were used. Such statistical methods ad t-test, one-way ANOVA and multiple regression analysis by stages were done. According to the results, by gender, there was no significant difference in self-management and confidence. By belonging team, self-management showed difference in mental management, a subordinate factor of self-management, and confidence showed difference in public encouragement, coach leadership and physical/mental status, subordinate factors of confidence. Especially, it was learned that amateurs showed good in self-management and confidence. By performance level, self-management showed difference on training, management and mental management, subordinate factors of self-management, and confidence showed difference in public encouragement, coach leadership and physical/mental status, subordinate factors of confidence. In particular, it was learned that the best archers showed good in self-management and confidence. In conclusion, reviewing the influence of self-management on self-confidence, competency recognition and public encouragement were influenced by training management and human relations management. Coach leadership was influenced by mental and physical management and physical/mental status were influenced by training management and mental management.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in perceptions of success and performance strategy depending upon the sepcuality and the level of effort, and the relationships among highschool track and field athletes. Four hundred thirty five highschool track and field athletes completed TOPS and PCSQ. Results shows that male athletes displayed higher relaxation and condition control scores. Also, athletes putting best efforts showed higher self-talk, imagery, goal setting, relaxation, condition control scores as well as the perception of success. Overall, variables between performance strategy and perceptions of success had positive correlations. Further, stepwise regression analysis results supported that idea that the condition control, imagery, and goal setting factors of performance strategy can best estimate the success. Among the athletes putting medium amount of effort, the self-talk could significantly explain factors in perceptions of success. Following, discussion was based on the set results and previous studies.

The Purpose of this study was to explore exercise motivations of the regularly in exercise participated elderly with involvement, fun and stress factors. The result showed responses of involvement 134 case, factors of fun 119 case, factors of stress 96 cases based upon the opened questionnaire. The factors of involvement have included the common ranges of grades, promotion of health/strength, disease prevention/improvement, psychological profit, friendship/society, decrepitude, using spare time, encouragement of other people, and factors of fun have included the common ranges of grades physical energies, friendship/society, psychological energies, self-confidence, satisfaction of environment, teacher`s goodwill, affirmative thinking, satisfaction of spare time. Then factors of stress have included the common ranges of grades, decline of physical strength, lack of self-confidence, pain/disease, time limit, environment limit, and others.

The purpose of this study was to develop a children`s sports achievement motivation questionnaire and to verify it`s structural validity. To develop a children`s sports achievement motivation questionnaire, achievement measurements items of Hermans(1970), Mehrabian(1968), Kimsinyoung(1982), Yuchangyul(1985), Hwanjungkyu(1984) were integrated by the discussion of experts. Furthermore by using an interview survey on children, sports achievement motivation questionnaire items appropriate for children, were extracted. After a pilot study with one hundred children, 21 items were selected, divided over the factors aspiration level, adventurousness, enthusiasm, preference for achievement task, competitiveness, responsibility, self confidence and endurance 500 Children aged 5, 6 from eight national and public kindergartens in Seoul, were investigated in the main research 15 items divided over 5 factors(aspiration level, adventurousness, achievement task preference, self confidence, endurance) were extracted through an item analysis and an exploratory factor analysis(principal component analysis, varimax) of data. The data was gained by having the parents of 500 children questioning their children. To verify the structural validity of 15 items divided over 5 factors of children`s sports achievement motivation that was hypothesized by the exploratory factor analysis, the confirmatory factor analysis that added 250 children`s data was operated by AMOS 5.0. Estimated maximum likelihood value and fit indexes of measure model confirm the validity of children`s sports achievement motivation questionnaire`s structure by approval level. The test-retest reliability of children`s sports achievement motivation questionnaire showed appropriate level with r=.68, and it proved that the criterion-related validity has a significant relation with performance related fitness. According to the multi-group analysis, the children`s sports achievement motivation questionnaire can be used to both boys and girls, and there was no difference in the sports achievement factor`s average latency.

The purpose of this study was to examine the difference and relationship of physical self-concept and emotions in sport club youths. The subjects of this study was 312(men;206, women;106) of high school students in Kyonggi province. The Questionnaire employed at this study was Physical Self-Description Questionnaire(PSDQ) and Korean edition of the POMS(K-POMS). This study analyzed t-test, one-way ANOVA, stepwise multiple regression analysis by SPSS 12.0K versions. All these statistic values were tested in the significant level of p<.05. The conclusions were as follows. First, male students had got a better score than female students and the group who participated in some sports activities also had got a better score than the others in the sub-factors of physical self-concept and vigor factor of emotions. Second, activity group of sport clubs had got better score than non-activity group in a sub-factors(physical attractiveness, health, physical activity, body fat, sport competence, endurance) of physical self-concept and vigour factor of emotion. Third, strength and physical attractiveness factors of physical self-concept in sport clubs youth turned out to be antecedent variables that explain emotion, but health and physical attractiveness factors of physical self-concept in non-activity youth turned out.

The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between the origin of variance occurred through participation in all of sports and school violence/adaptation. The subjects were a total of 504 students from a liberal arts high school, with those participating in all of sports numbering 279 and those not participating in all of sports number 225. The tools that were used to analysis the collected data were factor analysis, reliability analysis, frequency analysis, MANOVA, one-way ANOVA, correlation, multiple-regression analysis. Here are the following results. It was determined that those who participated in all of sports were more likely to be involved in school violence and better adapted to school than those who did not participate in all of sports. The school violence factor of alienation had an relationship on the all of sports participation factors. In conclusion, it was determined that there is a relationship between the factors of school violence/adaptation and all of sports participation and also there is a direct relationship in the variance, physically and psychologically, that occur during sports participation. Therefore, it is highly recommended that during, vacations, weekends, holidays, free Saturdays, lunchtimes and other free times, students must participate actively in all of sports.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between sport motivation and psychological well-being among university students. A total of 781 university students (males=475, females=306) participated in the study. They were self-administrated to both Sport Motivation Scale (SMS) and Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWS). Analytic tools were frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability test, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The results indicated that intrinsic and extrinsic motivations were significantly related to positive emotion, positive efficacy, negative efficacy, and social relationship except negative emotion, but amotivation was significantly related to all sub-factors of psychological well-being. The effects of sport motivations on students` psychological well-being differed with subscales of SMS. Especially Intrinsic motivation was the best predictor of positive emotion, positive efficacy, and social relationship, whereas amotivation was the best predictor of negative emotion and negative efficacy.

The purpose of this study was to verify the relationship gambling behaviors of the golf game participants based on Theory of Planned Behavior. The data collected from the 527 experience to golf gambling was analyzed. With the collected data, exploratory factor analysis, correlation analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation model analysis was performed by SPSSWIN 120 AMOS 40. The results of the analysis were summarized as follows. First, the attitude of gambling makes positive(+) influence on the intention of gambling. Second, the perceived behavioral control of gambling makes negative(-)influence on the intention of gambling. Third, the intention of gambling makes positive(+) influence on the behavioral of gambling. Fourth, the perceived behavioral control of gambling makes positive(+) influence on the behavioral of gambling. These results were discussed based on the previous and practical studies related to theory of planned behavior gambling behavior.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of thinking styles and goal orientation on college sthleters` intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. A total of 277 players who belong to university sthletic teams responded to a set of questionnaines measuring personal thinking styles, goal orientation and motivation. Analytic tools were exploratory factor analysis, reliability test frequency, correlation analysis multiple negression analysis. The results of the study were as follows. First, there were significant differences by all personal variables partially in thinking styles, goal orientation and motivation. Second, thinking styles were significantly related to intrinsic extrinsic motivation except amotivation and goal orientation were significantly related to intrinsic-extrinisic motivation positively on negatively. Third, in the main effects of personal variables and thinking styles on athleters` motivation. Type I and goal orientations explained 24% of total variance in the effects of personal variables and goal orientation only task orientation explained 19% of total variance and in the effect of all independent variables influenced to motivation significantly both task orientation and Type III contributed about 27% to all motivation. Uorcequently, these results indicate that both task orientation and Type III-based thinking style are the best predictors of college athletes` sports motivation.

Passion has been new conceptualized as two types of passion through the internalization process of activity in one`s identity. This dualistic approach predicts that harmonious passion typically leads to adaptive outcomes and obsessive passion leads mainly to maladaptive outcome. Based on the dualistic approach, this study established antecedent and consequence passion models in dance, and examined structural validity of these models with 230 dancers. The antecedent model involves causal relationships among goal orientation, dance attitude, and dance passion, and the consequence model involves relationships among dance passion, dance practice, and affect. The results of SEMs supported in part the dualistic approach of passion. In the antecedent model, task goal was a positive predictor of dance attitude and harmonious passion, dance attitude was a direct predictor. Ego goal was a predictor of obsessive passion, but did not predict dance attitude. In the consequence model, while both types of passion were positive predictors of affect, dance practice did not predict affect. Obsessive passion was associated dance practice. These results were discussed with some theoretical framework of passion in literature.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of implicit and explicit learning on the performance and learning of a badminton-serve task. Thirty-six high school student (36` females) whose ages ranged from 16 to 18 years (M=167) participated in this experiment. The participants were randomly assigned to one three experimental conditions: (1) implicit learning group(n=12), (2) explicit learning group(n=12), (3) control group(n=12). Subjects performed 40 acquisition trials followed by 20 retention trials ANOVAs with repeated measures on the last factor were performed on the various dependent variables absolute error(AE), variable error(VE), directional error(DE), and radial error(RE). The results of this investigation revealed significant main effects for Groups on the absolute error(AE) in the retention phase. Participants in the implicit learning group were significantly better than other groups in the absolute error(AE) in the retention phase. The present study suggests that implicit learning may be a more effective than the explicit and control groups.

Evidence utilizing and ecological approach to perception (Gibson 1979; Warren, 1984; Pijpers, Oudejans, & Baker, 2007) suggests that perceivers can grasp relation between information that environment gives and the action they afford in the environment. The purpose of the present study was to examinate the effect of physical change on perceived affordance, actual motion, and error between perceived affordance and actual motion. All subjects were assigned 0, 40, 70% exercise intensity based Karvonen`s formula, performed assigned task and then asked judging whether climbing a stair or not with the only lower limbs Statistical analysis was determined using. Pearson Correlation, one way ANOVAs, Regression Analysis. The results of this study demonstrated that exercise group compared nonexcercise group is low significantly in error between perceived affordace and actual motion, Heart rate during, exercise indicated exercise intensity is significant factor. Results were discussed meaning in sports setting.